4/15/2023 0 Comments Living breakwaters![]() The walls could also potentially support marine life in the bay, something the designers kept in mind when working on the project, Wirth said. "That could bring that down by two feet, that could make the difference of a floor of your house being in and out of the insurance zone." "Actually by attenuating the waves the project could potentially reduce the flood plane in that area," said Pippa Brashear, public realm designer for engineering team Parsons Brinckerhoff, one of the teams working on the project. The reefs will not only break the waves and lessen their height, but also help restore some ecological aspects of the area and potentially lower the flood plane of the neighborhood, the designers hope. ![]() They also looked at other areas along the shoreline to install them in the future if the project is successful, Wirth said. With the funds, the group plans to build several of the concrete breakwaters from Conference House Park to the hardest hit areas of Tottenville. "Living Breakwaters" got $60 million for a pilot program in the Raritan Bay. It was recently one of three projects in the city to be awarded money from "Rebuild by Design," a federal competition to support areas destroyed by Sandy. Crown Heights, Prospect Heights & Prospect-Lefferts Gardens.Cobble Hill, Carroll Gardens & Red Hook.Ideally, in the process, they will raise many more follow-up questions, and grow curious enough to want to answer them. That is why the lesson plans place emphasis on recording students’ questions. The central questions in the chapter for students-to which there are no singular right answers-are: Why metamorphose? Is it worth it? The information provided in the LB Life Cycle Cards gives students enough information to begin to speculate thoughtfully about answers to those questions. Following the above example, a comparatively small proportion of those self-feeding planktivorous larvae will survive to settle into a benthic or demersal niche. Regardless of what the adults eat at the bottom, these floating larvae are likely to eat plankton. Where plankton are plentiful, it can be advantageous for a species to allocate its resources to produce greater numbers of offspring-who emerge as larvae, functioning differently from their parents, allowing them to feed themselves on plankton.īut indirect development also has a major evolutionary disadvantage: during metamorphosis, the individual is especially vulnerable to predation and starvation. The individual has to locate and ‘settle’ in its future habitat. Meanwhile an in-between form may be poorly-adapted to both niches. Larval stages can be well-adapted to their distinct niches. A widespread marine example is benthic and demersal species, most of whom have a pelagic larval stage. Mammal and reptile embryos get more food from their mothers-via the placenta or egg yolk, respectively-and many mammals and reptiles invest far more than just startup food. If they didn’t, their young would not survive to reproduction, and that is an evolutionary dead end.īy contrast, only a few animals that are familiar to children undergo ‘indirect development’, in which the young have anatomy, physiology, behavior, and ecology that is qualitatively different from that of their parents. Yet indirect development is common in marine phyla (including estuarine taxa) and in insects. This lesson presents several examples. The major evolutionary disadvantage of direct development is that very small animals (who may also still need to learn a lot) are not necessarily well-adapted to their parents’ niche. That’s why mammals and reptiles have comparatively fewer offspring and invest more resources in each one. In these taxa, the process of development from birth/hatching consists primarily of increasing in size, learning, and sexual maturation. That means that when they are born or hatch from their eggs, the young have anatomy, physiology, behavior, and ecology that is similar to that of their parents. The animals most familiar to children-mammals and reptiles, including birds-develop ‘directly’. Students are likely to know that caterpillars metamorphose into butterflies, and perhaps that tadpoles metamorphose into frogs. But students likely harbor the misconception that indirect development is an exception to a general pattern of direct development. This series of lessons takes advantage of the novelty and interest of indirect development, and provides multiple examples students can use to alter their conceptions of patterns of development across animal taxa.
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